The Development of International Relations

INTRODUCTION This paper begins by appearlining the definitions and what precisely is meant by outside(a) relations. secondly, it tells the story of how and why the study of inter kingdomal relations emerged when it did, during the course of modern level.Even though, the history and the origins of this stipu easy al non compareeil does not reveal every(prenominal)thing we need to know about how global relations functions in this day and age, it certainly would help us to understand the legacy left behind by this studys original purpose, international gains and calamities, and by its traditional schools of thought explanations starting from the time of the Great Powers, to the French Revolution, the prototypic of the bail bonds, the Industrial revolution, the both World cont completions along with the consequent Cold warfare, the formed international organizations such(prenominal) as the League of Nations and the fall in Nations, and finally, to where international rel ations stands today.The final outcome of this paper is to create a fine understanding on the readers mind on how international relations highly-developed into what it at present is a science, or rather a electron orbit of study during the course of the modern history, starting from the 16th atomic number 6. WHAT IS planetary RELATIONS? International relations is a dramatic art of study that seeks to understand a chassis of orbiculate issues, foreign affairs and the int periodctions of nations and states within the international system. International relations draw upon its expertise from a variety of other fields such as social science, including geography, history, sociology, political science, economics, law, etcIt is therefore a challenging field to master due to its both diverse and complex nature. Strictly defined, the field of International Relations (IR) c one timerns the relationships among the demesnes governments. However, these so called orbits governments or in other words nation states, alone cannot regulate the events taking place in international arena. They in detail are connected or rather influenced by other actors, namely, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) along with other social structures such as economics, cultural differences and ideology. Furthermore, the study of nternational relations has always been heavily influenced by normative considerations, such as the goal of reducing armed conflict and increasing international cooperation. International relations are an exceptionally beta aspect of citizenship in a global society. As our world becomes smaller and smaller finished intercourse technology, speedy air transportation and a complex international thrift and interactions, the value of peaceful and accommodating relationships amid nations is increasingly important. HISTORY The conc ept of international relations on some level is probably quite old, given that humans commit been establishing governments and communicating with each other for thousands of years.Aspects of international relations wealthy person been studied for thousands of years, since the time of Thucydides, except IR became a separate and definable discipline in the earlier 20th century. However, m any people agree that international relations truly began to emerge rough the fifteenth century the dawn of the modern era when people started exploring the world and interacting with other governments and cultures. THE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (1648) The modern international system is often dated from the pact of Westphalia in 1648, which established the principles of indep barent, sovereign stated that continue to roll the international system today. Many even consider this treaty, in like manner knows as the Peace of Westphalia as the give of international relations as a field of study.The Treaty of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties write between May and October 1648 in Osnabruck and Munster, Germany. These treaties ended the Thirty Years war (16181648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the 80 Years battle (15681648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. These treaties resulted from a big diplomatic assembly, thence initiating a new system of political order in central Europe, between the Hapsburg alliance (Austria-Hungury and Spain) and the Protestant countries (France, Britain, Sweden). Later it was called by many parties as the Westphalian sovereignty. The key factor to this ystem was the ability of one state to correspondence the power of other state so that it could not obtain power of smaller units and create a universal empire, thereby forming a relationship between the many nations within the European terrain. THE FRENCH variety (1789 1799) The French Revolution (17891799), was a period of drastic social and political turmoil in France and one that had a major impact not besides on France but also throughout the stick around of Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed within a mere three year period. However, 5 directlyors established accountant of the French state in 1795 and held power until 1799, when it was re situated by the Consulate under catnap Bonaparte. Meanwhile, by the nearing end of the eighteenth century Britains power multiplied due to industrialization along with its rival at the time, France.What was once the peachy powers in Europe and the adjacent terrain were by this era beginning to decline, namely Sweden, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire. Nevertheless, nations such as Russia and then followed by Prussia (the forerunner of modern-day Germany) also developed in to major players or rather great powers. THE NAPOLEANIC WARS (1803 1815) The Napoleonic contends (18031815) were a series of sta te of wars declared against Napoleons French Empire by fence burnitions. The underlying causes for these Napoleonic wars took place due to many reasons. For one thing, the French Revolution inspired a desire among the French to export the ideals of freedom, equality and union. As a result, neighboring monarchs, especially the British Empire, implant this very curseening.Napoleon happened to be both brilliant and energetic in defending the state from its enemies. Eventually, the dynamics of war and the changes in revolutionary spirit do Napoleon King of France and the territories he had conquered. Now he became a different kind of threat as he wanted to take for his popularity and control in France through conquest of neighboring states. Thereby France, a single, very almighty European state was indirect requested as a threat to world stability and had to be put down. One way or the other France was thwarted at the Battle of Waterloo by an alliance of Britain, the Netherlan ds, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Prussia.Nevertheless, Europes supreme, the British empire realizing the threat that another challenging nation (the Napoleons empire) could bring upon, and therefore established an alliance with fellow European nations in 1815 named as the Congress of Vienna. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814 1815) The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by the Austrian statesman and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary warfares, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. This is to date considered as one of the first the well-nigh prominent alliances, or a series of relations between nations in the history of international relations. THE contrive OF EUROPE (1815 1914)The Convert of Europe was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the cla p of World War I (1914). Its founding powers were Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United estate, the portions of the Quadruple Alliance which was prudent for the downfall of the First French Empire. However, in time France was established as a fifth member of the concert. The Concert of Europe, however, is closely connected to the congress of Vienna. It was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the beginning of the First World War. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760 1830) The term Industrial Revolution is commonly reserved for a set of events that took place in Britain roughly from 1760 to 1830.The historical events in question consisted of a set of technological, economic, and social changes that in the long run revolutionized not just the British economy but that of the rest of Western Europe, North America, and eventually much of the rest of the world. For Instance, The industrial Revolution sparked in Britain with the bl ind of the steam engine in 1769. Wooden sailing ships were discontinued in production. Instead, the manufacturing of larger and faster coal powered iron steamships took its place. These accomplishments put Britain as the leading function in worlds economy along with two other competitors USA from the west Japan from east.These developments in the fields of marine, road dismissal and rail roads not only increased the world production and trade but also buttoned distant locations more closely together more faster and more economically. Furthermore, Britain dominated world trade in this period due to its advancement in technology was way above par at the time. Thus, it products met massive competition and as a result British Policy tend to party favor free trade. The United Stated nevertheless overtook the British in terms of economy by the end of the 19th century, despite the fact that they suffered greatly during the great depression. However the United States governments role in the economy intensified during World War II.By the dawn of the 20th century not only the British but also the United States and Japan were in the process of selling their merchandise in foreign land, and this to economically, industrially and socially influenced the field of international relations immensely. THE TWO WORLD WARS (1900 1950) The twentieth century saw the lights of two unfortunate World Wars. World War I took place during 1914 to 1918 and World War II, during the period of 1939 to 1945, together occupying a decade of the 21st century. Unlike a conventional war between two nations these two world wars were global or hegemonic wars in which al approximately all major states participated in an all out struggle over the future of the international system. WORLD WAR I (1914 1918)World War I was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. This war is one which symbolizes the tragic irrationality of war. It was predominantl y called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until the start of World War II in 1939, and the First World War or World War I there aft(prenominal). It touch all the worlds great powers. It involves the almost all the worlds great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances the assort (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centered around the Triple Alliance of Germany,Austria-Hungary and Italy but, as AustriaHungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). Although the participating great powers made plans for a quick, offensive and rapid victory what has been called the cult of offensive, the war was n either short nor decisive. In fact scholars indicate it was a catastrophic war that was unnecessary and perhaps even accidental. Russia happened to be the first nation state to crumble as Revolution at home made it fall behind from war in 1917. The revolution eventually let to the founding of the Soviet Union. Further, the entry of the United States on to the war moody the tables upside down for Germany.The Triple Alliance was consequently defeated by the United Kingdom, France and Russia which saw the end of the 1st World War. THE TREATY OF VERSALLIES (1919) The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years afterward the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (which was a reason for the occurrence of the world war). At the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to give up territory, pay reparations, limit its future armaments and most importantly admit to wickedness of the war, while the other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.Even thought the treaty was agreed upon, the German resentment against the harsh terms o f the Versaillian treaty would digest to the German aggression in the mid 1930s and later on, during the course of World War II. THE group discussion OF NATIONS (1920 1946) Witnessing the painful experience in World War I, at the time US president, Woodrow Wilson, along with other idealistic mindsets placed their hopes for peace in the newly formed League of Nations. The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, and SDN in its other official languages), was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace convocation that ended the First World War. It was the first international organization whose primary and principal mission was to maintain world peace.Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, and cave in international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. Yet, the League lacked it s own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, or provide an army when needed. However, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. After a number of luminary successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the axis vertebra powers in the 1930s.Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain and others. The onset of World War II showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The United Nations or the UN (which would be discussed later on) replaced it after the end of the war and hereditary a number of agencies and organizations founded by the League. WORLD WAR II (1939 1945) World War II, or the Second World War was a global war that was underway by 1939 and ended in 1945. It involved a vast majority of the worlds nations including all of the great powers eventually forming two opp osing military alliances the Allies (U. S. Britain, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia) and the axis vertebra (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria). It was the most widespread war in history, with more than vitamin C million people serving in military units. In a state of total war, the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civil and military resources. Marked by earthshaking events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of thermonuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities. These deaths make World War II by far the deadliest conflict in all of human history.Even though, the Empire of Japan was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937, the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany, and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and most of the countries of the British Empire. Germany therefore set out to establish a large empire in Europe. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or subdued much of continental Europe. Later on however, the nominally neutral Soviet Union fully or partially invaded, occupied and annexed territories of its six European neighbors, including Poland. As a result the United Kingdom remained the only major force continuing the fight against the axis vertebra, with battles taking place in North Africa as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic.In June 1941, the European Axis launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, giving a start to the largest land theatre of war in history, which tied down the major part of the Axis military forces for the rest of the war. In December 1941, the Empire of Japan, which aimed to dominate East Asia and Indochina, joined the Axis, attacked the United States and European territories in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the West Pacific. The advancement of the Axis nations were stopped in 1942, after Japan lost a series of marine battles and German force were defeated in North Africa and followed by, at Stalingrad. In 1943, with a series of German defeats in east Europe, the Allied invasion of Fascist Italy, and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts.Meanwhile in 1944, the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. The war in Europe ended with the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and subsequently the Germans fell into cede on 8 May 1945. After two devastating nuclear bombing n Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the war in Asia ended on 15 August 1945 when the Empire of Japan agreed to surrender. Thereby, victory of the affiliate nations over the Axis in 1945 ended the conflict. World War II altered the political bond and social structure of the world. THE UNITED NATIONS (1945 Present) The United Nations was established to encourage international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.The great powers that were the know as victors in the war nations such as the United States, Soviet Union, China, United Kingdom & France became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The United Nations is in fact an international organization whose original aims were regard to facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. Founded in 1945 after World War II it went to replace the League of Nations, in hopes to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. So far the United Nations has been triple-crown in preventing a third World War , which other would probably mean nuclear warfare & consequent destruction of the world.Furthermore, the United Nations proclaims to consist of 193 member states, which includes every sovereign state in the world with the exception of Vatican City. Nevertheless, this forming of this organization is known to be the biggest and the most successful alliance between nations in the history of International Relations. THE COLD WAR (1945 1889) The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, creating a bipolar world and setting the stage for the Cold War. The cold war lasted for the next 46 years and each of them had its own ideology, its collection of alliances, third world consumers and a unhealthful armory of nuclear weapons.Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers started to decline, while the decolonization of Asia and Africa began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged move towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Eur ope, emerged as an effort to stabilize post war relations between fellow nations. In addition, the United States forged NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), a military alliance using suppression of communism and encouraging capitalism as a main strategy in 1949, while the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Some countries aligned with either of these 2 superpowers, whilst others chose to remain as Non-Aligned Movement.The Cold War was named likewise as it never featured direct military action, since both sides possessed nuclear weapons, and its use would result in mass destruction. However these two parties third world allies fell victim to s streak of devastating wars, namely, the Korean War (19501953), the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Vietnam War (19591975), the Yom Kippur War (1973), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (19791989), the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (1983), and the Able Archer NATO mili tary exercises (1983). However, by 1991 the cold war came to an end as the Soviet Union collapsed and reformed in to 12 different states.In the 1980s, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In 1991 occurred the collapse of the Soviet Union, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, and leaving behind a resulting uni-polar world. Nevertheless, the Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy, a huge impact and a rather solid attitude towards the functions of International Relations. The aftermath of Cold War conflict, however, is not always advantageously erased, as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to energize Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain sensitive.In Eastern Europe, the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth while in other parts of the world, su ch as Afghanistan, independence was accompanied by state failure. SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TODAY The scope of international relations has greatly expanded in modern times. Initially international relations concerned only upon the study of modern-day foreign affairs with a view to draw certain lessons. Later on emphasis began to be laid on the study of both foreign affairs and international law and international relations began to be studied within the framework of international law. The field of the study of international relations was get ahead widened with the establishment of the League of Nations after the First World War and the study of international organizations and institutions.The scope of international relations in the post World War II period got further widened due to significant changes which took place, with the emergence of USA and USSR as two superpowers the entry of a large number of non-European states into the society of nations the threat and danger o f nuclear warfare increasing interdependence of states and rising expectations of the people in the under developed third world, etc CONCLUTION It is in this way quite evident that world history, especially modern world history plays a major role in the development of International Relations as a field of study. Although initial events indicate that war held prominence in international affairs, things were prone to change with the spark of the industrial era and the rapid globalization of the world economy.It is also evident that greater importance began to be placed on scientific study of international relations, which led to development of new methodologies and introduction of new theories in the study of international relations. It is therefore in this way quite clear that all in the new-fangled past, the present and in the future, the scope of International Relations will be thoroughly important for the functions carried out in the international arena. 2 . Goldstein, Joshua S . International Relations, sixth Edition. Pearson Education Inc. and Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc. 2005 29 3 . capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia international relations 4 . Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations, one-sixth Edition.Pearson Education Inc. and Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc. 2005 53 5 . Principles of the State System. Faculty. unlv. edu. Retrieved 2012-09-11. 6 . Bloy, Marjie. The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 8 June 1815. The Victorian Web. 2009 7 . Dockrill, Michael. Atlas of the 20th Century World History. NY Harper Collins, 1991. Ferguson, Niall. The pity of war Explaining World War I. NY Basic, 1999 8 . Willmott, H. P. World War I, New York Dorling Kindersley Inc. 2003 27 9 . The Triple Entente was the name given to the alliance between France, Britain, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on August 31, 1907.The alliance of the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Portugal and Japan, constituted a po werful counterweight to the Triple Alliance. 10 . Bade, Klaus J Brown, Allison (tr. ) (2003), Migration in European History, The making of Europe, Oxford Blackwell (translated from the German). 11 . Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations, Sixth Edition. Pearson Education Inc. and Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc. 2005 53 12 . Covenant of the League of Nations. The Avalon Project. Retrieved 30 August 2011. 13 . Jahanpour, Farhang. The Elusiveness of arrogance the experience of Security Council and Iran (PDF). Transnational Foundation of Peace and Future Research. p. 2. Retrieved 27 June 2008. 14 .Barrett, David P Shyu, Lawrence N (2001). China in the anti-Japanese War, 19371945 politics, culture and society. Volume 1 of Studies in modern Chinese history. New York beak Lang. 15 . General Assembly of the United Nations Rules of Procedure. UN Department for General Assembly. Retrieved 15 December 2010. 16 . Milestones in United Nations History. Department of Public Info rmation, United Nations. Retrieved 17 July 2008. 17 . Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations, Sixth Edition. Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc. 2005 67 18 . Cold War, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cold_War