Essay about Controlling Adolescents Exposure to Violence...

The debate about violence in media, such as video games, has been going on for years now, however, there is no definite answer on what to do about it. Should adolescents be able to differentiate between video game fantasy violence and real life? Is it partially the parents’ fault for not controlling their access to these games? Perhaps there is more to it than just the scientific side of things. Adolescents should be able to differentiate violence in video games from real life and be able to recognize patterns in gender role and age. In turn, adults should be held responsible for what the adolescents play by controlling access to this media in the first place. Adolescents should be able to differentiate violence in video games,†¦show more content†¦Researchers state that, â€Å"the most frequently cited mechanism by which the games can result in aggressive behavior is the social learning theory† (Sherry 413). The researchers go on to argue that since game players are rewarded for performing violent acts in the video games adolescents may transfer this to the outside world. Another mechanism researchers cite for the effects of violent video games is the general arousal method. This method says that the highly violent games provide the arousal that is necessary to become more aggressive (Sherry 413). These arguments are valid and open up the controversy on video game violence, which has been going on for years. â€Å"Video games have been a pan of American life since the 1970s† (Bushman and Funk 1). Around the late 1970s video games were becoming more advanced. This is around the time that the first violent video game came out. Parents started to become concerned about the themes their children would grasp from these games. However, it was not until 1992 with the release of Mortal Kombat (Capcom  ©) that the debate really escalated (Bushman and Funk 2). Researchers and gamers constantly collided with each other over the effects of media on adolescents. With the advent of new graphics and newer systems, video games have gotten much more violent. The new Mortal Kombat game, Mortal Kombat: Deception (Capcom  ©) has modern graphics and bloodier fatalities. However, there are still profiles and explanationsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children And Youth990 Words   |  4 PagesEssentially since media is more violent than ever, and children and youth are get ting more attracted to violent media. Studies on violent media shows a clear evidence that violence on media rises the possibility of aggressive behaviors in both short-term and long-term situations (Rowell Huesmann, Moise, Podolski, Eron, 2003). Most researchers agree that aggressive behaviors are more disposed to the harmful impact of violence on media. The negative effect is much larger for younger children becauseRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Aggressive Behavior1590 Words   |  7 Pagescorrlation between violent media and aggressive behaviors in individuals. This paper represents an effort to provide a source for individuals who are interested to gain information on the effect of violent media on aggressive behaviors. Most of the peer-reviewed and scholary articles used in this paper provided conclusions that violent media have multiply harmful affects on individuals especially children. Krahà © and Mà ¶ller (2011) discussed the relationship between usage of vio lent media and aggressive behaviorsRead MoreLink Between Parental Control And Relational And Overt Aggression1506 Words   |  7 Pagesproperty for that year is what Larson (2010) stated after reviewing information. Aggression and its causes can result in physical violence as well as emotional violence. Interpersonal relationships can be at risk if aggression is allowed to grow. Aggression at any age can cause such issues and more, but emerging adults and adults are held most accountable for controlling one’s own aggression. Emerging adults’ level of aggression can often be traced back to the types of parents one had (Murray, DwyerRead MoreMedia Violence Persuasive1556 Words   |  7 PagesChild Exposed to Media Violence? We live in a society where violence is meticulously and silently engraining in our daily lives. As time progresses, the entertaining media that children and adolescents have access to everyday such as movies, commercials, TV shows, children’s cartoons, video games, toys, etc. become more and more violent. Media violence negatively affects the behavior of those exposed to it, especially children and teenagers who experience violent media on an everyday basisRead MorePromoting Healthy Use Of Media For Children And Adolescents Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesHealthy Use of Media for Children and Adolescents Nowadays children and adolescents are exposed to intensive media, such as television, radio, music, video games, smart devices, and any internet based social media. Rideout (2015) reported that on any given day, American teenagers (13-18 years old) spend about nine hours on entertainment media use, excluding time spent at school or for homework. Tweens (8-12 years old) use an average of about six hours worth of entertainment media daily. Even thoughRead MoreVideo Games And Aggression : A Debate Between Socialization Hypothesis And Selection Hypothesis1740 Words   |  7 Pagessocialization hypothesis which states that the repeated exposure of violent media (i.e., video games) leads to an elevation of aggression over time; another one is selection hypothesis which states that individuals who are more aggressive will actively go for more violent media (i.e., video games). Besides, there’s a down spiral model which combines the two hypotheses together, stating that individuals who are more aggressive would tend to choose more violent media which in turn further increase their aggressionRead MoreAdolescent Aggression Based on Violent Videogames1645 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescent Aggression Based on Violent Videogames Violent video games played by millions of people every day results in animated characters having hearts ripped out, heads decapitated, and blood squirting across the screen as their mutilated bodies are erased from the screen. Most players play these games to pass the time, increase hand eye coordination, and create harmless competitions amongst those playing. However, some who play these games are entranced by the violent aggressive behaviorsRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children1074 Words   |  5 Pages2005; Kirkorian, Wartella, Anderson, 2008). Anderson et al. (2008) and Gentile (2014) reported, 90% of American children between the ages eight and sixteen play video games at home with majority of games (90-91%) rated for ages ten or over contain violence (p. 4 and p. 231). Both Anderson et al. (2008) and Gentile (2014) noted the popularity among the violent video games, which involve the player to be in control of the main character, and the goal or main activ ity is to harm other characters in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Society1274 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in video games can affect ones mindset in so many different ways, where we don’t even realize it. For example playing â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† for a few hours will change your mindset. Even though it wouldn’t be in a tremendous way, but for a few minutes your mindset will think, â€Å"This game is so much fun, I want to steal cars, have police chase me, shoot at people, even steal helicopters†. According to Social scientists in the New York Times, Many studies have shown that this is becoming a majorRead MoreMass Media Such As Television, Newspapers, And Internet1457 Words   |  6 PagesMass media such as television, newspapers, and internet are the center of the public s communication and entertainment. Society relies heavily on mass media for their news, education, entertainment, and their socialization. It can inspire, persuade, and change the behavior of the audience depending on the objective. The public is often misinformed and uninformed by media outlets to control the information that reaches the public. As technology continues to grow, access to mass media continues to

The Effects Of Concussions On The Brain Essay - 1883 Words

In the U.S. alone, athletes suffer from roughly 300,000 concussions per year; 3,800,000 concussions were reported in 2012, which is double of what was reported in 2002. A concussion may be defined as a type of traumatic brain injury—or TBI—caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, stretching and damaging the brain cells and creating chemical changes in the brain. Concussions are not usually considered life-threatening, but they may result in effects to the brain that may lead to devastating outcomes. Concussions are serious injuries that need to be taken seriously because of their severity and the serious health disorders that may arise. Concussions can occur virtually anywhere, and everyone is at risk of getting a concussion, whether they participate in sports or not. Athletes, who take part in any kind of contact sports, no matter the age level, are all susceptible to suffering from a concussion. Football is one of the sports that expose young athletes to higher risk in getting a concussion. According to Headcase, football is said to have one of the highest concussions rates (64-76.8) when being compared to other sports. According to a study done by Frontline, high school football players are twice as likely of getting concussions compared to college players. In the study conducted, there was a rate ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Concussions On The Brain1698 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: A concussion is a mild form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a sudden or violent blow, bump, or jolt to the head. Concussions can also occur from a fall or a blow to the body that causes the head to move rapidly back and forth. These types of sudden or violent impacts make the brain accelerate inside of the skull, in movements called coups and contrecoups. These movements lead to the brain striking the front and back of the skull, damaging the delicate and vital organ. TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussions On The Brain1164 Words   |  5 Pages[ABSTRACT] Concussions are complex cerebral injuries that result in a series of metabolic events within the brain. The changes are seen in the fragile neuronal homeostatic balances where changes in the elevations of glutamate and potassium have been identified. The effects of concussions have also been seen in the functioning of the brain rather than in the structure of the brain itself. Being identified as mild traumatic brain injuries, occurring due to a bump or jolt to head or neck, concussions can resultRead MoreThe Effects of Concussions on Human Beings1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Concussions on Human Beings. Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussionRead MoreConcussions And The Brain : One Of The Body s Most Important Organs1028 Words   |  5 PagesHarris-May Teacher Lynda Kachman CTE Advanced Studies 4 November 2014 Concussions and the brain: One of the body’s most important organs. The brain is the center of the nervous system; it receives information, interprets the information and guides the body’s response to the information. Three parts of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the diencephalon, along with the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain which handles memory, speech, the senses, emotional responses and muchRead MoreConcussions And Its Effect On Children1309 Words   |  6 PagesConcussions: According to the department of Orthopedic Surgery, at Wayne State University, â€Å"Youth football programs across the United States represent an at-risk population of approximately 3.5 million athletes for sports related concussions† (Buzas 1). Despite these risks, it is easy for some parents get involved in the game and overlook the danger that their children are in. There are parents who do not realize the severity of effects a concussion can have, as there are parents who do not knowRead MoreConcussions : A Concussion As An Immediate And Transient Neural Function Post Traumatic Impairment1627 Words   |  7 PagesBrowne 2 March 2017 Concussions Physicians describe a concussion as an immediate and transient neural function post traumatic impairment such as vision disturbance, alteration of consciousness, and other signs which result from brainstem involvement. An impulsive force or direct head blows leading to head acceleration are the leading causes of concussion in sports. However, not all reported loss of consciousness mean it is a concussion. The public mostly associates concussion with sports such asRead MoreAthletes And Concussions With Concussions1738 Words   |  7 Pages300,000 concussions each year (11 Facts). A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that causes swelling of the brain s soft tissue and disrupts normal brain function (Concussion). A concussion has potential to impact memory and coordination for the rest of the athlete s life along with lead to other, more serious, brain injuries. In order for athletes to reduce the effects from concussions, they need to be educated on the symptoms, ways to avoid the injury, and the possible lifelong effects. ForRead MoreThe Rush Under Those Friday Night Lights1426 Words   |  6 Pageswere the symptoms of a concussion. I should not have stayed in the game. This is why there should be more precautions taken to prevent concussions in sports. These include properly informing athletes and coaches about concussions and making other small adjustments such as limited contact in practice and stricter rules during the game. A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head, fall, or any other sudden movement that shakes or jars the brain inside of the skull (HealthwiseRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussion On Young Athletes1748 Words   |  7 PagesConcussion in Young Athletes Tennessee State University Kenji Anderson Introduction When youth participate in sports, they are at risk for multiple types of injuries. One of the most common and dangerous sports-related injuries is concussions. Although concussions are one of the most visible sports injuries, it is often hard to diagnose. Symptoms of a concussion can be vague and uncertain, which can inevitably lead to more harm to an athlete. Athletes who play with concussionsRead MoreEssay about Concussions Around The World685 Words   |  3 PagesConcussions are a rising issue in the daily life of many athletes in the sports of hockey, soccer, football, and skateboarding. Every 21 seconds, someone in this country encounters a brain injury. Concussions are brain injuries caused by jolts or hard hits around the head. When the tissue of the brain slams against the strong, thick skull in your head, a concussion is very common. This leads to either swelling of the brain, â€Å"torn blood vessels, or injury to the nerves.† (Haas) Eventually, the result

Industrial Revolution Point

Question: Describe how the second industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century differed from the first industrial revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century? Answer: The Firstand SecondIndustrial Revolutions - The role of Technology, Science and skilled Labour Abstract One of the most turning points in the history of humankind is a dramatic change in the peoples life condition after the occurrence of industrial revolutions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The industrial revolutions can be considered as the basis where technology and science, in addition to labour played tremendous role in development of modern life. This essay will discuss the notions of how these two factors differed from the 1stto 2ndindustrial revolutions and what milestone changes happened in both revolutionary stages. Before beginning, the paper discusses in brief how and why both industries revolutions have become turning point of economic development. Then it will highlight on why Britain was the birthplace for first industrial revolution. After that, some economic issues related to both revolutions will be highlighted before the conclusion. Turning Point The Beginning of the industrial revolution caused a significant and unprecedented change in human history. The first industrial revolution occurred first in Britain during 18th century. Because of this revolution, a significant improvement happened in the manufacturing sector of the Great Britain. In addition to the manufacturing sector, the agricultural sector, mining sector, transport sector of Britain were also were benefitted as there occurred tremendous improvement, mainly technologically in these sectors. In this case, it is important to point out that, though the first improvement has occurred in the Great Britain, but with the passage of time, all these improvement spread out slowly throughout Europe and North America. This significant advance did not limit within the geographical boundaries of the Britain; rather it went beyond the boundaries and spread throughout the world within a short interval of time. The appearance of the industrial revolutions changed almost every asp ects of daily life, which we have been experiencing at present. Hence, it is very clear that, the occurrence of industrial revolutions made significant changes in almost every industry (Stobaugh, 2012, p. 72). A huge body of researches has considered both industrial revolutions as a cornerstone that successfully changed the condition of the humanity in terms of quality of life such as well-being, health welfare and human convenience (Heilbroner Milberg, 2009, p.71).Since the18thcentury,theemergedinventions and scientific discoveriescontinued from first to second industrial revolutionand these completely enhanced the standard of living (Shuie Keller 2003, p.2).The accumulated effects of the two industrial revolutions led to significant development in working conditions, living conditions, urbanization, health and life expectancy, labour, income and modern life. All these improvement had caused a major and lasting effect to the present time (Heilbroner Milberg, 2009, p.80). In agriculture, for example, the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century gave rise to the demand for crops, as the population expanded rapidly. Moreover, new technologies, including tools, machinery, techniques and fertilizers developed quickly at that time. These in turn increased crop yields and agricultural productivity. This Progress in the agriculture productivity reduced risk of famine, resulted in healthier people, decreased death rate and increased food sources. All these improvement led to the increase in the population growth rate. (Cameron, 1993, p. 169). One of most lasting features of the Industrial Revolution was the rise of urbanization. In pre-industrial society, over 80% of people lived in rural areas. As migrants moved from the countryside, small towns became large cities. In early 1850, over 50% of the entire population of Great Britain lived in either a town or a city instead of in a rural community. In fact, by 1850 many European cities were formed because of industrial growth. The industrialization hugely raised the foreign trade and introduced mass production by moving manufacturing process away from cottage production process to large-scale factories. This Improvement in the existing technologies increased the efficiency of production. In short, Industrial Revolutions created new economic and social atmosphere where people moved to cities and the availability of variety of goods and products increased. The first Industrial Revolution was the first step in the modern economic growth and development. Why Britain The emergence of the industrial revolution caused marvelous developments in science, agriculture, shipping and technology. These developments, mainly the technological improvement in turn increased the rate of productivity in manufacturing sector, commerce and foreign trade. In this context, it is important to point out that, during the industrial revolution, Britain was one of the significant technological player and an important centre of commerce and trade. Moreover, it is also important to note that, the economy of the Great Britain was the most beneficiary economy of these revolutions. The reason, the economy of this country experienced a very rapid growth and this economy became one of the rich countries in the world. For this reason, often Britain points out as the birthplace for the emergence of Industrial Revolution. The Great Britain was considered as the birthplace of First Industrial revolution not only for the improvement of the economic growth rate but also for some political, economic and social factors. In addition, with these factors, this country has significant deposits of coal and iron ore. These reserves also helped to cause the enhancement of the industrial development in this economy and the emergence of industry revolutions. Heilbroner Milberg (2009, p. 62) explained the occurrence of the industrial revolution in Great Britain was the outcome of successful of exploration, slave trading, piracy, war and commerce. The main results of these revolutions were the transformation of Britain to the richest nation in the world economy. In this case, it is important to note that, during the time of industrial revolution, the reserves of mineral resources and the mercantilist economic system of this country played a significant role. The two factors helps this country provides necessary raw material to the cotton industry and other manufacturing sectors of Britain. It has been observed that, after the occurrence of the industrial revolution, the consumers preferences shift towards the use of different factory manufactured goods. This implies that, post-revolution period, the demand for the manufacturing good increased dramatically. This increment encouraged the British producers to make their production process mo re cost effective. This in turn leads to the mechanization and the factory system. Geographical and natural aspects reinforced Britain to be the land of the first industrial revolution. An excess of navigable waters and streams in Britain, made transportation of raw materials and manufactured goods efficient and inexpensive. Moreover, the Agricultural Revolution in Britain had led to enhance production of foodstuffs, which substantially reduced the price of food. This consequently raised disposable income that used for manufactured items. Politically, Britain(Heilbroner Milberg, 2009)was a stable society, as well as the worlds leading colonial power. This meant its colonies could serve as a source for raw materials, as well as a marketplace for manufactured goods. It had a stable government and established banking system. This stability lent itself to industrial development as market enterprise and entrepreneurship were encouraged. However, many literatures argue that there existsmany views regarding industrial revolution in Britain. Crafts and Harley (1992, p.713) believed that first industrial revolution in Britain came because of technical change of some few industries. Temin (1997, p.80), on the other hand, pointed out that traditional school see that'British economy and society' were the engine of industrial revolution.He affirmed that both distinct views joined the belief that Britain was the workshop of the world, not few factories of cotton. Furthermore, Sabel and Zeitlin (1985, p.168) claimed that during that time, Britain witnessed the emergence of new organizations of work led to 'flexible specialization' which was a significant feature of industrial revolution occurred in Britain. Moreover, Allan (2006, p. 1) claimed that theemergence of innovations that created factory textile of production, steam engine and interference of coal and coke in iron industries in Britain, formed'the Britishness of indu strial revolution'. Hence it can be concluded that, the surrounded factors created a healthy atmosphere of a rise of new men, producers, inventors, professional makers, industrial entrepreneur in Britain. This led to a rise of factory and widening the foreign trade that created industrial revolution (Heilbroner and Milberg 2009, p.63). Technology and Science Since 1750, world wealth(Beinhocker 2006, p. 101)hasincreased in "exponential way" as result of the huge economic growth sparked from the industrial revolution. Humbert (2007, p.4) initially referred the industrial revolution to the phenomenon of technology. The main difference between two industrial revolutions is that the first one was dependent on handcrafts and primitive technology while the Second was relied on developing technology that was based on the progress of science. Technological change was the engine of Industrial Revolution (Allen 2011, p. 27).Science as well played a crucial role of the accelerating the industry and fueled the occurrence of revolution which later created economic advancement (Rosenberg and Birdzell 1986, p.).Nevertheless, a question comes to ones mind about how the first and second industrial revolutions differ in terms of the role of technology and science in economic growth. Considerable body of research has implies the differences between the two revolutions. Heilbroner Milberg (2009, p.80) claimed that the burst of inventions during first revolution was a merely inauguration of transformation process that the world then continually accelerated up to the present time. In Britain, the revolution largely concentrated in textile machinery, development of methods of coal production and iron manufacture, revolutionary agricultural techniques, and steam power.The second industrial revolution considerably succeeded when brought tremendous enhancement to those achievements. By the mid-nineteenth century, the emergence of industrial inventions on steel was obvious example for it. Heilbroner Milberg (2009, p.80) stated: 'The purest theoretical discoveries, the cumulative application of science and technology to the productive process were the great change of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries'. Technology role Another important aspect of two industrial revolutions is thatshift of the leadership between nations.However, since Britain was the first incubator of the 1stindustrial revolution, therefore technological headship and development transformed to other countries in the Western World within a short interval of time; Germany is one of them.Mowery and Rosenberg (1989, p. 22) claimed that the time period 1859-1889 was one of the most successful period in terms of innovation in history. Scientific knowledge pushed into new technology and accelerated mutual and complementary relationship between them. In addition to the huge extending of limited and localized successes achieved in the 1stindustrial revolution,economies of scale changed due to the change of nature of organization and production in the 2ndrevolution. This change happened mainly because of expansion of manufacturing such as chemical industry and parts of technology. Emergence of giant corporations such as General Electric and Carnegie Steel (Mokyr 1998, p.2) considered as result of rise of demand for manufacturing products. RD Research and Development (RD) played a tremendous role specifically during second revolution in terms of transferring ideas into practice. Many inventions found solutions to their technical and scientific problems. Allan (2006, p.16) stated: 'RD was the crux of inventions in the eighteenth century', pointed that crucial invention such as steam engine was required to substantial improvement and solve technical problems in order to perfect them. RD projects grew up since 18th century. It was strongly linked with three elements such as costs, finance and patenting. These three elements were representing an expense of RD which later turned innovations from being abstract knowledge (science) into an economic activity (growth).Allan (2006, p.16) claims that RD was key element of technical change advance in Britain. This made the investment profitable in Britain rather any elsewhere in Europe. Example given by Allan (2006) is coke smelting which was one of iconic inventions of industrial revolution that was so crucial for the production of cheap iron. This invention thus was so required for the railroad, metal steam ships, and general mechanical industries (p.16). However, this coke smelting was facing some problems at the time of developing market. The main reason behind this is it was more expensive than the charcoal iron. RD program in this case, carried the duty to accomplish the development required through making thin-walle d castings. Technology progress resulted from RD and other factors raised many issues of hot debate between economic historians. The idea of applying technology for making money was one of those issues. This was an interesting question raisedby Allan (2006, p.3) when he assumed that technology was invented by people in order to make money. Four implications made by him in his paper to prove this idea. First, inventions burdened costs that supposed to be offset by investment and profits gained to recap costs that used for new products, inputs and the discoveries process. Labor wages were high and energy was cheap thus investors tended to invent machine in order to substitute for labor. Second, profits and costs of technological inventions could be balanced for a country like Britain due to huge market scale, which was much larger than anywhere else was particularly; for example mining industry in eighteenth century. Third, patents opened new horizon for inventors to achieve gains and increase ret urn. Allan (2006, p.3) agreed that explanation of the inventions in the eighteenth created greater incentive and encouraged for more innovating. Fourth, as consequence of absence of patents firms tended to allocate allowances and reduced the gains for investing in learning from each other. North and Thomas (1973, p.8) have focused on the property rights and knowledge of technology transfer. They argued that these two were aspects of second industrial revolution that accelerated economic growth and enlarged establishment of organizations and firms.In addition tolegal factor (property rights), regulations of markets and social and political structure (Parliament) changeswere also factors ignited investment that contributed to the first industrial revolution in Britain (North and Weingast 1989, p. 831). Science Role What was the role of science, specialized knowledge and institutions in the creation of important technologies during British industrialization? Before starting, it is vital to point thatGerman took the lead for the second revolution, specifically in terms of scientific knowledge. Science was vastly enhanced and empirically developed during that time. Great path-breaking inventions happened in material, chemicals and medicine. These inventions impacted particularly in the field of motivating research and development in micro-inventive activity (Mokyr, 1998, p.1). He indicates that technology and its developments inthe 1strevolution was based on little or no scientific base; it created a chemical industry with no chemistry, an iron industry without metallurgy, power machinery without thermodynamics. Before 1850, engineering, medical technology, and agriculture were, as Mokyr described pragmatic bodies of applied knowledge. The second revolution witnessed science demonstration of knowing how things workand thus research rapidly progressed in related fields such as chemistry. During thisindustrial revolution,science was strongly based on the relationship with technologyin order to progress new technological development. Reversely, science took the feedback from the progress of new instrument and equipment enhanced in a way of registering facts, observations, regularities and test hypotheses (Mokyr, 1998, p.2). So, relationship between science and industrial revolution would be clearly understood through the idea thatthesecond industrial revolution created healthy environment for a 'culture of science' which, in turn, led to new discoveries and more inventionsof industrial revolution (Allan, 2006, p.13).It witnessed the transferable role of science from purely knowledge to be experimental and more useful for the progress of industrialization and development of economic growth. Useful Knowledge The development of science was the fuel of the progress of technology that rapidly improved productivity. It also contributed in changes of product quality and improvements of micro- inventions. In context of chemicals, German Dye was obvious example of transforming science from knowledge and primitive usage to sophisticated industries and be important element for industrialization process. Importance of science became both as input of production process and operating fuel for technology. German Dye is considered as one of the most important chemistry improvements that proved the scientific success in the field of contribution to the industrialization process. According to Meyer-Thurow (1982, p.367), the interest of organic dye chemistry started in 1860 and it achieved scientific and technological breakthroughs during 1870. Adolf Von Maeyer, German chemist and professor at University of Munch, heavily contributed to the dye industry by successfully synthesizing 'Indigo'. The stuff is used for coloring clothes. This success of Maeyer came after many years of experiments and investigation and ended up to countless of dye products. However, other countries like Britain (1957), France (1858) and Switzerland (1959) started at almost the same time. German syntheticDye industry 'is often referred to first science based industry...that led directly to a new commercial product, and the industry set up in the same place where industrial RD labs were created for the first time i n the 1870s' (Murmann and Homburg, 2001, p.178). Research and studies by chemists on dye continued to discover that intermediates stuff used to produce dye can be used as well to manufacture pharmaceutical products (Meyer-Thurow, 1982, p.367). The labour and profession Previous discussion about the role of technology and science in the economic activities during the two industrial revolutions necessarily leads to another correlated issue; that is about the profession and specialized skills and the changes occurred between the stages of the revolutions. One of most noticeable aspects when comparing between first and second industrial revolutions in terms of labor and professions is that second revolution was relied on skilful and trained labor to deal with new development of mechanics, engineering, assembly lines, production process. Yet, pressures were existed constraining labor to be educated or skillfully trained such as The Scientific of Management by Taylor (1911). Taylorism and Skilled worker Since the firms and factories became large and giant because of massive development of industry caused by the two industrial revolutions, Taylor's philosophy of management existed. Taylorism concepts were adopted widely by firms in the different part of the world particularly in USA for increasing productivity. Worker extensively worked more hours but the pay increment did not match the level of productivity (Locke 1882, p.20).This was one of the struggles and pressures of The Scientific Management Approach by Taylor (1911) on labor. Taylorism was basically aimed to improve labor productivity through analyzing the workflow processes in scientific way (Taylor 1919, p.14). However scientific management theory was widely recognized in the field of management and thus Taylor was considered the first in history who seriously studied management (Drucker, 1976, p.26), negative effects on workforce including labour exploitation, restraining individual preferences, compacting any worker's initiative and a struggle with labour unions (Locke,1982, p.20). Taylorism can simply be abused by research to eliminate labor skills and educations development in order to make the labor moreacquiescenceto bosses demand (Locke, 1982, p. 17).In addition, the emphasis of the scientific management pointed that worker should not learn their skills from more experienced worker, but from management expert as they more familiar with the job. Based on Taylorism, group work was not much preferable and individual is more practical. According to Dean (2013, p. 107), Taylors concern of fairness to workers was predominated by the goal of doubling productivity and maximizing profits which in turn caused to pay inequality specifically during the second industrial revolution. Morgan (2006, p.16) indicates that the objective of the theory of scientific management was to improve the efficiency of organizations during the Industrial Revolution by reducing the discretion of workers, introducing task specialization and standardizing parts and material. But Taylorisms theory caused a dehumanizing effect on employees when labour reduced to automatons pointing out that workers were employed cheap labour instead of being thinkers, thus becoming impersonal objects (Morgan 2006, p. 27-28).Dean (2013, p.106) states that Taylors recommendations of training and skills learning tend to be for the sake of high management (managers) over employees who were confined to be trained on specific systemized tasks. Hobsbawm (1962, p.206) claims that industrialization period brought misery to workers before 1844. He focused on growing of inequality and increasing gap between rich and poor highlighting long time of daily work in factories. Hobsbawm described this type of exploitation as slavery with wages that barely survived them, at least until 1840. In his book The Age of Revolution 1789-1848 indicated that labour spent 15 working hours a day particularly during the beginning of industrial revolution. On the controversy, Thompson was an optimist in his book The Making of the English Working Class which attempted statistically to show an increase of standard of living for labour force. Wages and Labor: influences The relationship between Wages and education (professions) was one of the significant aspects when comparing between first and second industrial revolutions. Mokyr (1998, p.2) claims that the rise of mass production industries and giant corporations led to the huge employment labor force that were specialized. Allan (2006, p. 2) asserts that the education which featuredBritish country specifically literacy and numeracy in eighteenth century, highly contributed to technological achievements and pushed for an increase of labor wages. He (2011, p. 26) indicated that expansion ofcommerce and manufacturing increased the demand for educationby making it economically valuable; parents were provided with the money by governments to pay for schooling their children. On other hand, ongoing development of technology was threatening factor on labor and unemployment. In this regard, Humbert (2007, p.9) points out that Marxs argument critics was mainly on producers objective to reduce labor cost and displace workers with capital equipment to over control means of production. Engels (1964, p.76) noticed that since British industrial revolution machinery development led to unemployment and wage reductions affirming that decreasing income was more stressed on low-skilled workforce. Skillful labor From a different aspect, Auerbach (2016) focused oneducation as a process of making skilful workforce, pointing that at present, educated labor is considered to be 'the key to attracting investment, .. with educational policy playing a central role in regulating long run economic growth and income distribution' (chapter 6). In relation to first industrial revolution, Auerback (2016) points out those famous inventors at that time such as James Watt and George Stephenson, preferred artisan workers. During this revolution, the idea of merging practical knowledge with scientific literacy was widely accepted by innovators. Auerback (2016) indicates that the industrial revolutions took place when new structure imposed by inventor elite that required skilled workforce. Britain was able, based on industrial enlighten view, to create a large and effective class of skilled labor with high quality of artisanship and workmanship that helped to spark the industrial revolution. He points out that with an increasing of cotton mills and later railways skilled workers reunion in groups giving example of United States of America. Arueback indicates that USA was deeply thrust in late nineteenth and early twentieth centurys for skilful labor (e.g. technical specialist etc...) to fulfill the need of its huge developing economy. 'In situ' (Latino term means 'on site' or 'in position') skills played effective role in terms of economic growth, Aruerback (2016) highlights Alfred Chandler's view of railroad impact for the second industrial revolution in USA which needed to very professional people in terms of railroad engineering to management challenges such as timetabling and coordination. In other word, In situ range of skills heavily contributed to the huge industry like railroad in USA and clearly proved the importance of skilled workers effects on the economy development (Auerback, 2016). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be said that as a conclusion that, the second industrial revolution was the normal evolution of the first revolution which witnessed tremendous jump in terms of technology, science and labour professions. Economic effects heavily contributed to the improvement of peoples life. Reference: Allen, R.C. (2011)Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford:Oxford University Press. Allen, R.C. (2006) The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective: How Commerce Created The Industrial Revolution and Modern Economic Growth,Nuffield College,Oxford University. Auerbach, P. (2016)Socialist Optimism,London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Beinhocker, E. D. (2006, p.101)The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, USA. Cameron, R. (1993)A Concise Economic History of the World, Fourth edition Oxford: OUP. Crafts, N. andHarley, C. K. (1992) 'Output Growth and the British Industrial Revolution: a Restatement of the Crafts-Harley View',Economic History Review, 45, pp. 703-730. DeanC.M. (2013), The science behind Taylors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€principles of scientific management, Proceedings of the "Scientific Management" and Management Science Today International Scientific Conference. University of Szeged Faculty of Economics and Business Administration. Edited by Eva Malovics BeataKincsesneVajda, pp.100-112. Drucker, P.F. (1976) 'The coming rediscovery of scientific management'.Conference Board Record, 13 (6), pp.23-27. Engels, F. (1892),The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844. London: Swann Sonnenschien and Co. Heilbroner, R. andMilberg, W. (2009)The Making of Economic Society,12thedition. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Humbert, M. (2007),Technology and Workforce: Comparison between the Information Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. Berkeley: University of California. Hobsbawm, E.J. (1962).The Age of Revolution. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Keller, W. Shiue, C.H. (2003)The Origins of Spatial Interaction,CEPR Discussion Papers. Locke, E.A. (1982) The Ideas of Frederick W. Taylor: An Evaluation,The Academy of Management Review, 7(1), pp. 14-24. Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982), 'The Industrialization of Invention: A Case Study from the German Chemical Industry,History of Science Society, 73 (3), pp.363-381. Mokyr, J. (1998)The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870-1914. Northwestern University 2003. Morgan, G. (2006)Images of Organization. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications, Inc. Murmann, J.P. andHomburg, E. (2001), 'Comparing evolutionary dynamics across different national settings: the case of the synthetic dye industry, 18571914',Journal of Revolutionary Economics, 11 (2), pp. 177-205. Taylor, F. W. (1919)The Principles of Scientific Management. New York and London: Harper Brothers Publishers. North, D.C. andWeingast, B.R. (1989) Constitutions and Commitment: Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth Century Britain,Journal of Economic History, 49, pp. 803-832. North, D.C. andThomas, R.P. (1973)TheRiseof theWestern World: A New Economic History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sabel, C. andZeitlin, J. (1985) Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics, Markets and Technology in Nineteenth Century Industrialization,Past and Present, 108, pp. 133-176. Shiue, C.H., andKeller, W. (2003), Markets in China and Europe on the Eve of the Industrial Revolution, working paper, University of Texas. Stobaugh, J. (2012)British History. High school level student, Master Books. New Leaf Publish Group Inc. Green Forest Arkansas, USA. TeminP. (1997), Two Views of the British Industrial Revolution,The Journal of Economic History, 57 (1), pp. 63-82. Wrigly, E. A. (2013)'Energy and the English Industrial Revolution', one contribution of 15 to a Discussion Meeting Issue Material efficiency: providing material services with less material production.

Crisis Management Strategy Competition and Change

Question: Discuss about the Crisis Management Strategy for Competition and Change. Answer: Introduction: The concept of change management is associated with the modification and reformation of business resources, budget related to the planning, its allocation, and the overall business procedure. This is a commonly used term in business in recent days. The reformation is attended in a planned way to profit the organization. This approach basically ensures the changes of the organization in successful implementation. This entire procedure focuses on the long-lasting impact of the changes in people and benefit of the organization. Therefore, the modification needs to be done in a planned way. Therefore, this study has attempted to foster over the specific issues and flaws that Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ) has gone through. This is a 170 years old bank. It has undermined through a rapid up and down over the journey in this industry. Thus, change management procedure in respect with this financial organisation has been developed over this study. Transformation in the organisation in the tenure period of McFarlane The issues in the organization were regardless of the internal management. Even after the challenges due to the financial crisis, this organization stayed indignant. However, the contributory essence of the management provided a tough fight to the external issue. The management has adopted the change in accordance with the requirement of the situation (Gerth, 2013). Still dissatisfaction of the customers regarding the management was continued. This organization has adopted a strong position by creating clear accountability and a strong management. Moreover, it strengthened the balance sheet and took care on the liquidity improvement. Procurement was also taken to improve the customer perspective and its related resources. The procedures inevitably took steps for ensuring the better environmental prospect for the customers. Therefore the focal points of the customer have been changed and different circumstances have also been created (Williams, 2013). Change management procedure has b een applied by a number of organisations irrespective of the type and mission. The Hemisphere Country Council (HCC) has been noticed to the shared service model SAP Flori to its Integrate Business Centre (Deloitte.com, 2016). It is in respect with the estimated integration that evokes a change in procedure. This changes procedure is applied by the management by judging the essence of the situation and eventually it attained a remarkable benefit over the procedure. The procedure could not strengthen the internal management. As the financial crisis has impacted a lot on the customers, it was prior fact to gain back the trust. Therefore, the management has worked mainly on that. To facilitate so, the internal management had to tackle a huge pressure to secure their job. Therefore the number of issues created in regard with the employee dissatisfaction. The change management procedure evokes right decision at the right time. In case of Deloitte, the implementation of SAP CRM has enabled it to gain better procedure in repairing sideways along with the road sides. This eventually managed the construction of the organisation and balanced the workflow also (Deloitte.com, 2016). The improvisation impact is also attainable for ANZ in terms of elevating theory technological improvisation. The technical flaw is also a vital reason. The management has planned procedure in accordance with the calculation, which is said to be unfreeze' condition (Haslamet al . 2014). But the technological failure has made it difficult to provide the customers with approximate benefit and the regression remained the same. The management had to plan different to fulfil their target to gain back the customer base. The cultural change is a crucial problem in this regard. Therefore, the leadership approach needed to change. The management seemed to change the chief persons in regard to bringing prosperity. But the rapid flaws in adopting proper culture has fostered with different policies and technologies have inferred the system chronologically (Hwang and Low, 2012).The involved CEO and other professionals have contributed in changing the perspectives but to some extent, they too went under the impacts of old tradition or the rituals. According to Deloitte.com (2016), the application of SAP enterprise along with the change management plan has brought to on time delivery of products. This eventually helped in gaining back the confidence of the entire associa tion. This prospect is also helpful for ANZ too. The communication process is very much important for this organisation. Thus, bringing communication elevation in respect with technological elevation would deliberately help this organisation gaining remarkable success.Therefore, continual problem and challenges were at the core of the organization. However, the management had applied the related theories in prospect to the situation and attended remarkable success through it. The change management follows a distinctive stage and procedure. This is in respect to the purpose and aim of the organization. As suggested by Hwang and Low (2012, the inclined organization ANZ is evolved with serious issues of customer satisfaction and employee management. However, this financial sector has proved strong even after the Great Depression of 1930 and the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008. Therefore, this organization is proved to have a strong structure. The employee management skill is also strong. Still, the recent changes and procedure of policy, terms, and conditions have proceeded through a changed approach in debt policies (Boje, 2012). The financial challenges of this organization lie in lending money from other financial organizations to provide the loan to the customers. Thus, the organization is accompanied with adopting a major structure so that it might improve the focus of the customers on the service level. This is also commenced with the creation of more clear accountability and a strong management. Challenges faced in implementing transformation: After the huge global crisis of 2008, this organization has been divided into five distinguished sectors: Australia, New Zealand, Shared services, Asia Pacific and Institutional. This vast division has comprised of a huge cost management with the association (Hayes, 2014). However, the business corpse has elevated. Therefore a good margin of profit could be expected at a higher rate. Still, the operational issues in managing the employees and providing proper training were regular problems. Issues were also inevitable in delivering products and services of the bank to the retail customers in countrywide and in global dimension too. However, the core support division of this organization, Operations Technology and Shared Services (OTSS) manages and divides the systematic operation of IT and ORIS that is, Operation Risk and Information Security. This organization values shared contribution and unity. Therefore, risk and insecurity related to the shared data and information always remai n(Cummings and Worley, 2014). Moreover, the core value of this association is associated in being best at service and to value and respect the opinion of others. As stated by Frankland et al. (2013), this organization had to fall under the situations of bad debts in early 1990. Since that period, the management had initiated a versatile change. The changes in the organization were regardless of the poor structure of the organization. This situation has led it to change management policy and terms. Customer dissatisfaction was inevitable issues. The issues were the result of poor service management and delayed delivery system. Therefore, the management has undertaken policies of reforming the concept of dealing. The changes may come in different forms. It can be of internal issue and external issue both. Thus, a segmentation of changes has been seen in a procedure of ANZ in different stages (Quinnet al. 2012). As this is a financial organization, public dealings are inevitable factors. Thus, keeping men quiet and satisfied is the core essence of the organization. With this target, a breakdown of structures in regard to the employees and shareholders is also seen. The changes in the cultural, as well as technical aspects were also common. To console the expectation of people, dealing approach and handling customers' process have also been changed. A number of programs have also been attempted by the management to create public awareness and to make promotions. In order to solve out issues like breakout workshops, consulting and breakout charters, this organization has changed the team for the dedicated breakout and cultural transformation. The change of management has taken place to the different situations and crisis. Based on the systematic procurement, the management has applied the process of changing management. Even though the disillusionment regarding the employee satisfaction and customers demand were at peak (Van der Voet, 2014). Thus, the policies of employee motivation and refined employ management have been created. This helped enormously to the broader context of the organization. Breakouts were initiated to enhance employee engagement. This is regulated with a number of steps that include: employee motivation, the management of performance, skill, and talent. The entire process of change is done in a processed way. That undertakes a varied system (Keppel and Wardell?Johnson, 2012). There are a number of theories related to change management. In spite of adopting the breakout policy, this organization had to face problem regarding the employee integration, specification of the job, dissatisfaction regarding the job management and proper balance of all the revolved issues. The working hours are also a problem. However, to solve the work pressure problem, the organization has undertaken the decision of recruiting a number of employees (Hargreaves et al. 2014). This helped organization having the certain stability from the temporary issues. But the management had to change procedure of recruitment too. The employees observed to work for a very short period. There was disintegration regarding the management of different level of work distribution too. Therefore, the contemporary issues related to the organization had led the management to undermine the root cause and change the management for several times. Attributes of the key leaders and the analysis of role of leadership: The procedure of change management undermines some stages. Based on the Kotters 8 step theory, the first and foremost stage for change management inclines directly to the creation of urgency. This organization has observed to go in accordance with the specific requirement of the customers. Therefore, the management has identified the root cause of the issue and applied the procedures of change. This step is evident in managing a helpful balance with the upcoming issues (Gattermeyer and Al-Ani, 2013). According to the theory, the second step is inclined with the forming of a powerful coalition. This helps in detecting the problem and finally helps in evaluating it with the prospect of the organization. As the organization is related to financial transactions, this evokes a huge engagement of the customer satisfaction (Gandomaniet al. 2013). The perspectives of customers are prompt in changing. Thus, evaluating the performance generation in enraging the satisfactory level of the custom ers is very much required.This can be attained through an analysis of the buying behaviour and the matters to which the customers respond. This can be done by the leaders in the organization. In ANZ, the role of the managers and the transformation of the posts have contributed a lot in managing the procedures. However, the organization has been found to determine the related values of the central change by developing a summary of the issues (Geppertet al. 2016). This goes parallel with the third step of Kotters theory and puts emphasis on the creation of visionary change. Moreover, the concept of the performance was laid in creating awareness programs. Gradually is changed into the progress of employee performance, their needs and training. The enhancement of focus is inclined with employee motivation. The transforming focus on the view and central spirit has attended this organization a glorious phase (Nastase et al. 2012). This stage is encircled with developing the proper strategy for the organization. The next step of determining vision is regulated with the communication process to implement the visionary result. As the organizational perspective is dependent on shared vision, the management comes in form with an open discussion with the entire board. This evaluates the relative cause s of failure in functions. Further, the initiatives are taken in this step to ensure the long-term prosperity for the organization (Bernus et al. 2013). The fifth stage of this theory is associated with removing the obstacles. This inclines a direct way of eradicating the obligations(Booth, 2015). This involves the necessary initiative of coming in mutual point with the demand of the customers. Moreover, the organizational management initiated the procedures of satisfying employees through promotions and work discriminations so that it might keep their interest in the progression of a job. In order to promote marketing and sales, this focuses on the betterment of skill and dedication of the employees. The sixth step of the theory undermines the way of attaining success through a short attempt. This attempt is associated with the perception of accomplishing the fulfilment of the desire of the customers. Therefore, it succeeds in convincing the customers towards their service. This organization has been noticed to evaluate the way of the success they have attained. This complied measurement keeps on measuring the dedication level, applied technologies, improved skill. Thereby, the management has detected the chief flaw and maximum gap in attending the success. This helped in planning further concept and change management. This organization has worked accordingly to the concept of Kotter and thus it has manifested change in management (Lozano, 2013). The Lewins theory of unfreeze-change-freeze is also very supportive in this regard. The organization has been chosen the way of being alert regarding the change that it is inevitable. The changing modes of the customers were the common appreciation for the management. For that reason, the entire board was always prepared. Estimating the change, they planned different programs like Saver Plus, differentiation of thoughts and applications accordingly. This way the management focussed on the central process of cha nge and dissatisfactory issues and brought into the change in the management process. After attaining success over the procurements and changed management, the organization again come in form of refreezing the policies and terms. This benefited the organization balancing a good term in between management and the customers. Moreover, this approach has balanced the employee motivation too in the expected margin. Recommendations: In respect to the issues and challenges described in the study, a number of flaws have been detected. The organization could have avoided the problem if it would have had adopted some procedures in the change management procedure. Planning change: The focus of the management should have rotated with the change perception. The management has undertaken policies of changing the chief head of the particular post. But the change of planning in attaining target had not been adopted. Therefore, employee dissatisfaction has been raised as a serious issue. If the management had laid a balanced focus on employee and customer both, it would have benefited the organization up to the margin. Changed view: The management has not changed their approach based on the specific need of the environment and changing culture. Therefore, the advancement of technology had not been attempted. The non-adaptation of specific technologies has laid the organization far behind. The initiative needed to be subtle and convincing to the change of entire phenomenon. The change in technical revolution and changed perspective of the culture could have changed the brought to a dimension of the history of the organization. Changed leadership: The leadership that is the change of ownership and communicating management could have improved the system. The true will be there to improve the management and so as the entire procedure. But the lack of efficiency in adopting a change in accordance with the changed view and expectation of customer could have impacted the progress of the organization in a short term. Change in communication: If the organization would have adopted the different process of communication, it could surely impact the management in applying sources. As the base of this organization lies in communication mainly, the elevated prospect might be inclined in improving so. Conclusion: The change management is a key concept for all the successful organizations. This change needs a keen focus on the on-going factors of the external world. The change in the management can work only in the condition if it is done in accordance with the external and internal management both. This organization has been exempted to foster over the industry with a rapid change in its managements. However, the changes gradually brought to a revolution in the financial industry. The theoretical concepts of Lewin and Kotter too have contributed to bringing into a dignified situation of this organization. Therefore, the approach needs to be subtle and complied to intensify change and improvement to its core and it needs to be practiced very carefully. Reference List: Bernus, P., Mertins, K. and Schmidt, G.J. , 2013.Handbook on architectures of information systems.London: Springer Science Business Media Boje, D.M., 2012. Reflections: What does quantum physics of storytelling mean for change management?.Journal of Change Management,12(3), pp.253-271 Booth, S.A., 2015.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. London: Routledge Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change.Cengage learning. Deloitte.com , 2016, Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/ng/en/pages/technology/articles/global-sap-case-studies.html, Accessed on: 29 Dec, 2016 Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Gandomani, T.J., Zulzalil, H., Ghani, A.A.A. and Sultan, A.B.M., 2013. Towards comprehensive and disciplined change management strategy in agile transformation process.Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology,6(13), pp.2345-2351 Gattermeyer, W. and Al-Ani, A., 2013.Change Management und Unternehmenserfolg: GrundlagenMethodenPraxisbeispiele. London: Springer-Verlag Geppert, M., Matten, D. and Williams, K. 2016.Challenges for European management in a global context: Experiences from Britain and Germany. London: Springer. Gerth, C., 2013. Introduction.InBusiness Process Models. Change Management(pp. 1-12). London: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hargreaves, A., Lieberman, A., Fullan, M. and Hopkins, D.W. eds., 2014.International Handbook of Educational Change: Part Two(Vol. 5).London: Springer Haslam, S.A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M.J. and Ellemers, N. 2014.Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice.London: Psychology Press. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. London: Palgrave Macmillan Hwang, B.G. and Low, L.K., 2012. Construction project change management in Singapore: Status, importance and impact.International Journal of Project Management,30(7), pp.817-826. Keppel, G. and Wardell?Johnson, G.W., 2012. Refugia: keys to climate change management.Global Change Biology,18(8), pp.2389-2391 Lozano, R., 2013. Are companies planning their organisational changes for corporate sustainability? An analysis of three case studies on resistance to change and their strategies to overcome it.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(5), pp.275-295 Nastase, M., Giuclea, M. and Bold, O., 2012.The impact of change management in organizations-a survey of methods and techniques for a successful change.Revista de Management Comparat International,13(1), p.5 Quinn, D., Amer, Y., Lonie, A., Blackmore, K., Thompson, L. and Pettigrove, M., 2012. Leading change: Applying change management approaches to engage students in blended learning.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,28(1), pp.16-29. Van der Voet, J., 2014. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure.European Management Journal,32(3), pp.373-382. Williams, C., 2013.Principles of management. South-Western/Cengage Learning

Memory Study Essays - Memory, Mental Processes, Implicit Memory

Memory Study The study of human memory and in particular the attempts to distinguish between different types of memory have benn investigated for the last century. Philosophy, psychiatry and psychologh have all contributed to this study. Korsakoff, Freud and Ebbinghaus are among the early contributers. Although their observations were not always methodological as strict as with current research they did play a vital role. One critisim of the early work was that there were few attempts to develope theroetical accounts of the dissociations that they observed (Schacter, 1989). This is of great importance to the study of implicit memory. One of the earliest uses of 'implicit' and 'explicit' memory distinctions in research was by Wiliam McDougall (Outline of psychology, 1924). This distinction defined 'explicit' memory as involving conscious recollection of a past event and 'implicit' memory as involving a change in behaviour that is attriduted to a recent event but contains no conscious recollection or explicit reference. (Schacter, 1989). Much of the controvacy that surrounds implicit memory study centeres arround its definition. Whether it defines the pretest situation or a theoritical construct of the underlying memory process. The main argument is that if similiar items must share common features if they are to belong to the same catagory of test or process. " Some ttheorists, for example, have argued that different manifestations of memory are attributable to the operation of the distinct memory systems(e.g. Schacter 1989; Squire 1992; Tulving 1993; Tulving and Schacter 1990). Others argue that these different manifestations are consistent with a process viewpoint (e.g. Jacoby et al. 1989a; Kolers and Roediger 1984; Roediger 1990; Roediger et al 1989)." From Richardson-Klavehn (1996). To explicate the positions, a review of the experimental evidence is necessary. Recently five main areas have informed research into implicit memory, Schacter (1989).These are savings during learning, effects of subliminally encoded stimuli, learning and conditioning without awareness, repetition priming and preserved learning in amnesic patients. These are reviewed in turn. Savings are the ability to relearn previously learned material in the absence of any knowledge of the previous learning situation. Although there is an influence of the previous learning situation on proformance. The most conclusive evidence for this comes from Nelson (1978), who has shown savings for items that are neither recalled nor recognised. Studies have demonstrated implicit memory for subliminal or briefly exposed stimuli under conditions in which subjects had no explicit memory. An auditory divided attention task in which homophones were presented on the unattended channel together with word intended to bias the low frequency interpretation of the homophone (e.g. taxi - FARE ), Eich (1984). Lewicki (1985) found that after exposure to adjective -noun pairs, subjects tended to choose the adjective that they had been exposed to when they were asked about the noun. Schacter (1989). Learning without awarness has been shown it rule learning studies. Subjects were shown letter strings from an artifical grammer and were able to identify grammatically correct strings even though they were not conscious of the propper rules, Reber (1976) called this implicit learning. Repetition Priming effects have been characterised by lexical decision, woed identification and word stem of fragment completion tasks. This area derives from two distinct and at times The study of human memory and in particular the attempts to distinguish between different types of memory have benn investigated for the last century. Philosophy, psychiatry and psychologh have all contributed to this study. Korsakoff, Freud and Ebbinghaus are among the early contributers. Although their observations were not always methodological as strict as with current research they did play a vital role. One critisim of the early work was that there were few attempts to develope theroetical accounts of the dissociations that they observed (Schacter, 1989). This is of great importance to the study of implicit memory. One of the earliest uses of 'implicit' and'explicit' memory distinctions in research was by Wiliam McDougall (Outline of psychology, 1924). This distinction defined 'explicit' memory as involving conscious recollection of a past event and 'implicit' memory as involving a change in behaviour that is attriduted to a recent event but contains no conscious recollection or explicit reference. (Schacter, 1989). Much of the controvacy that surrounds implicit memory study centeres arround its definition. Whether it defines the pretest situation or a theoritical construct of the underlying memory process. The main argument is that if similiar items must share common features if they are to belong to the same catagory of test or process. " Some ttheorists, for example, have argued that different manifestations of memory are attributable to the operation of the distinct memory systems(e.g. Schacter 1989;

Theories of Desire

Theories of Desire Introduction Sophocles wrote the play Antigone in the classic year 442BC. Antigone continues to draw interests and literary debates in the postmodernism era. Chief among the discussions in the play revolves around theories, obsessions and new perspectives of the classic play. It has been observed that, as a point of fact, the play has been an obsession in the 18th century to date. Indeed, scholastic interest and analysis explain the relationship between Antigone and the modern political, controversial and conflict laden times.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theories of Desire specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, other quarters are of the view that Antigone presents nothing to be thought about in the modern hence dismissing its relevance to modern interests and applications. This paper takes the modern approach in referring to the relevancy of the play by critically giving an insight on the perspect ives of the theories of desire. It is argued that desire in Antigone is greater than the confines of men and laws. Theories of Desire Desire in this context is used to describe the obsession that people have in the society. Obsession takes different shapes in the society because people have different experiences. An attempt to understand Antigone must be backed by modern adaptations of the play by the likes of Jean Cocteau, Bertolt Brecht, Jean Anouilh and Heaney. In the Anouilh’s text, the greatest concern revolves around an attack of the family, youth, lofty, ideals and love and friendship. Contrary to Sophocles play, Anouilh leaves the powerful illustration of the philosophy of the desire for death, foreignness and mixed registers. An analysis of these differences between the modern and classical texts helps to understand the mystery surrounding the philosophy of death in Sophocles’s Antigone. In the classical Antigone, Sophocles clearly illustrates that Antigone as a character is foreign to the land of Thebes as indicated by her words to her father shortly before his death. In the play, her nature of desire is hard to understand and is coupled with her religious concerns. This is different from Anouilh texts that espouse that Antigone choice of death is a motivation by the dullness and lack of passion in life due to loneliness. This life according to Anouilh is one that repeats itself in a cycle explained by boredom from one lack of compelling life cycle to another meaningless in the other. A reference to Anouilh may partly explain the recent happenings of the uprisings in the Muslim and Arab worlds (Sophocles and Johnston, p. 5). By analogy, the ideal held by the toppled governments represents Creon’s actions in some respects. The young and the old in these states represent the Antigone in Anouilh’s text. Years of state neglect to the necessary and basic requirements of the people found desires and insistence to live better liv es embedded in the daily struggle and hearts of the citizens of these countries. Therefore, it is from one basic act of denying the necessary needs required for better lives in the future that finds form in a forceful nature. This is through sacrifice of lives and blood shedding, just like in Antigone.Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Sophocles the idea of foreignness shadows Antigone’s actions and desires. Recapping the view of the Muslim and Arab worlds, it is also clear that the citizen’s modern approach to things is extremely foreign to the age old perspectives of the older order. Fueled by the modern use of technology especially, social media, the youth in these countries have the connection of a family with ideals and views that those in power are not privy to and do not even understand. For the old order, it is their home ground reg ister; however, for the new generations, this is their point of action hence particularly foreign to what has already been established. The insistence on religiosity is a constant reminder of the value of belief in what is right and justice to follow. For Antigone, this bordered the belief she had in her traditions and hence her religion. For the youth in these countries, the belief in change for a better life and the need to chart new courses resembles what was in Antigone. However, Anouilh’s text must guide this view in the analysis that the Arab world uprising is not about the choice of death as Creon observes. Therefore, it becomes crucial to note that Anouilh’s text at this juncture departs from the tenets of the Arab life and its consequences to the modern people. It is the desire to right what is wrong in order that the future generations may reap the benefits of the philosophy of death. This is captured by Sophocles in Antigone of which later Creon finds truth in. In this sense then Antigone from Anouilh becomes a stranger to what Sophocles intended. The misrepresentation of Anouilh, thus, allows an understanding of the real impact of tragedy one that is well captured by Sophocles. In the words of Marcel Anouilh’s work lacks the quality needed to explain human drama. According to him, Antigone’s by Sophocles, actions and desires can only be explained by invoking the ideas in religion just like Kierkegaard. Therefore, in this view, Anouilh’s text is a secularization of the actions in the tragedy Antigone (Sophocles and Johnston, p. 15). Sophocles tragedy is a clear emphasis on the absolute contradiction and irreconcilability between Antigone and Creon. Clearly from their perspectives they are both right in a powerful cancellation between the state and kinship. The problem is that they cannot comprehend one anothers moral point of view and power in Sophocles text.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theories of Desire specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conflict, as Sophocles espouses appears as a first layer of disharmony through antinomy in that between the two no one is ready to cede ground for the other of which Anouilh fails to indicate just Jean Racine’s text. In these two texts, Antigone’s world is characterized as a doubt between the living and the dead through biological explanations. Creon and Antigone as presented Racine and Antigone indicate that they both had options, but they clearly intended to be antagonistic. On Antigone’s insistence on foreignness and Kierkegaard rendition of the extent of subjectivity, it becomes clear that conflict between the state and the subject is a guaranteed occurrence. The fact lies in the view that taboos and transgressions in the society act in unison to decide the fate of those who uphold them at the expense of the state. Lacking commensurability in the above vi ew again is a source of conflict between the subject and the state based on guilt held by the subject. In this view Antigone, qualifies for both options in Sophocles classic Antigone. By extension, this explains the modern relationship between governments and their subjects. While religion states equality and democracy, just like the flowing waters; a deep surgical analysis reveals that even the most democratic governments have instances of conspicuous treatment just like in Creon’s rule. Thus, Kierkegaard’s observation that deviating from aesthetics is a necessity brings truth home in the case of modernity. This reinforces his assertion that it is the rebirth of modern tragedy. Taking the example of the declaration of emergency situations in any nation, it can be noted that not all subjects behave in a certain way to call for such measures. On the contrary, there are citizens who are good at least in light of the situation while their brothers and sisters are on the w rong side of the law. However, in this case, the good suffer without any attempt to rationalize the boundaries. On the second note, the subject’s desire in favor of her point of view clearly puts the state and the subject on a collision path. A subject has the obligation to follow what the state requires of for effective and efficient governance. In addition, democracy defines that the voice of the majority should be heard. If the subject is not given his or her due demands, then necessary suffering is taken as justice. This is aimed at restoring the state under the invisible power of the subject. Further, this may translate to blood letting by a few who appear not realistic. In the end justice is achieved by the action of a few who deny their lives for a better cause. Therefore, in this desire, politics and what is necessary right governs the occurrence of such tragedy. Suffering can be in the form of death or even exile. In Sophocles Antigone, there is the displacement of t hings from their normal order. In terms of gender and religion, Antigone as a character goes overboard of what is Athenian for her gender. Secondly, Antigone does not represent the state or the kinship and neither the living nor the dead.Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This intermixing of desires lacks from Anouilh’s text. The fact that the play supports Antigone, though an outsider to the happenings; Teireisia, reveals that Sophocles’ view of the state as a static entity should be questioned under the guidance of principles not easily settled on common human understanding (Sophocles and Johnston, p. 39). Antigone’s desire is absent according to Hegel. She represents what is admirable and what is acceptable in excess is too good to live. She represents those who cannot allow the state to carry own its activities without regard to whether right or wrong. This excess leads to Antigone showing that the way to gods who live in such excess. The occurrence of such needs for balance of equality on laws to all things under mankind is explained by this excess. Therefore, Sophocles’ text is a powerful reference to modernity on the will and power of religion, as opposed to the state authority. Antigone in the theory of desire as p resented by Sophocles is finally an examination of the problems of laws, family and state. Antigone’s actions do not support any at either perspectives, and the boundaries that lie between them are the necessary ingredients to tragedy. The customs, the taboos and religion, and gender all play as factors to make desire in any one of these disastrous and dangerous. In essence, Antigone finds fault in what is established, but not written down as any law. This is forms Antigone’s desire to rise above this tragedy. Conclusion In this analysis, therefore, it is worthy to note that the desire in Antigone is greater than the confines of men and laws. It is greater than the state and all its wise men, greater than family obedience, greater than love and the powers operating in the realm of human understanding. Antigone’s desire was thus like a process of justifying freedom in the confines of the society. However, religion should guide this proclamation. Sophocles and Jo hnston C. Ian. Antigone. Arlington, Virginia: Richer Resources Publications, 2007. Print.

Information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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CSR For Nestle And MTN

CSR For Nestle And MTN Nestle (a high-income company) and MTN (a low-income company) have different approaches regarding CSR. This report will describe and evaluate those approaches. Introduction This is a brief description of each company highlighting some facts concerning their development. Section one Identifies the different types of stakeholders that the company should consider while mapping its local/global activities. Using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, allocates those stakeholders for both companies, taking into account two things: who has the most/least power in steering the companys decisions and whether or not this stakeholder is interested in CSR initiatives. Two differences have been identified: Nestle: firstly, host governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show much interest in CSR; secondly, social organizations, NGOs and the media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR. MTN: firstly, host governments in developing countries are Dominant and show interest in CSR; secondly, social organizations such as NGOs and the media are Demanding and in favour of CSR. The reasons behind this include: Host government in developing countries: corrupt government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize unlike MTN. Moreover, MTN which originated in a developing country, has a great deal of experience with such governments. Social Organization: MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recognized globally while Nestle is since MTN operates only in developing countries while Nestle operates globally. Section two In this section the report answers the following: whether CSR initiatives adopted by both companies increased/decreased over time, and also who was behind the changes and why they occurred. It was found that both companies have increased their CSR initiatives especially in the globalization era for Nestle, and particularly since the 1970s as many social organizations emerged and FDI occurred in that period. Section three The report shows how authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways: some classify them according to the local economic situation; others in a developing countrys context; others classify the social and environmental issues depending on regions. A Ponte et al typology using four approaches (engaged/disengaged, proximate/distant) is applied to the above classifications. An analysis was made with the following results: There are many perspectives which support CSR initiatives and argue that those initiatives are good for business, especially the engaged approaches, and they support their argument with evidence. They are also good for society whether the approaches are engaged or disengaged. At the other end of the spectrum, there are many who do not agree with the benefits brought by CSR initiatives and believe it is bad for business and useless for society. II. Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse, compare and contrast the socially responsible approach of two multinational companies (Nestle and MTN). This will be approached in the following order: firstly, a brief description for each company will be provided; secondly, the report will allocate the stakeholders using the stakeholder saliency model for each company showing the similarities and differences. This will be followed by a brief description regarding the changes of CSR approach for both companies and the reasons for these changes. The third section includes a critical analysis of both approaches using Ponte et al typology and two contrasting viewpoints. Finally, a conclusion sums up the findings showing the future of CSR for both companies. III. Brief History with some facts regarding CSR, Nestle  [1]  , It was in the 1860s when a pharmacist Henri Nestle developed a food formula for those infants who experienced problems in breastfeeding. This welcome innovation from Nestle is now sold all over the world (Nestle History, 2009). Some facts about the company include: 1905-to date: Healthy growth in general with some periods of struggle with a lot of mergers and acquisitions, one of the most important being with Movenpick Ice Cream. 1970s-1980s: Heavy attacks from social organizations and individuals for the unethical marketing activities encouraging mothers in the developing world to use its products instead of breastfeeding. (Douglas,1986) 1998 Nestlà © Corporate Business Principles was produced and updated to include the principles of the UN Secretary Generals Global Compact: Labour Standard, Human rights, the Environment (Nestle report, 2001) Creating the Shared Value scheme for a healthier world in the 21st century. (CSV mission, 2009) MTN Group  [2]  , Founded in 1994, MTN Group is a telecommunication company; it services in 21 countries across Africa and the Middle East. (MTN Report 1 and 2, 2009). 2007: MTN was the best tax payer for the year ending 2005/2006 in many African countries.(MTN History, 2007) 2007: Established the Corporate Social Responsibility Foundation. .(MTN History, 2007) 2009: According to management consulting firm Oliver Waymans annual State of the Industry report, MTN achieved the fourth place among the top 60 global performers in terms of its shareholder performance index (SPI) at the end of 2008 with total revenue of 102,526 million rand  [3]  , (MTN Report 1and 2, 2009 ). IV. Section one: Corporate social responsibility: CSR is the commitment by the company to behave ethically with its stakeholders and to fulfil all obligations of minimizing any harm and maximizing the benefits for society, humanity and the environment and that includes commitments by companies to contribute to social development and enhance the standard of peoples lives  [4]  . Stake holder Identification: According to many authors Mercier (1999), Freeman (1984), Donaldson and Preston (1995), stakeholders are usually all those groups or individuals that may affect or be affected by the organizations daily working process, and also include all those who could have shares or interests in the same organization (Cited in Perqueux, 2004.P:6). From the definition given above it could be interpreted that organizations should classify their stakeholders interests and power in a way that brings satisfaction because they will be assessed and evaluated by them in the future, and that what Rossouw and Sison (2006, p41) argued for when they described the corporations as a nation state is that they must be honest with its citizens otherwise they will be overthrown. From the two definitions mentioned above and by using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, this report will now show two things at the same time. The first is to show who stakeholder has the most or least effect in mapping the business activities, and second to what extent this allocated stakeholder is CSR driver for both companies showing the similarities and differences. An explanation for these will be provided. Nestle Power Discretionary Stakeholder: other inter-national institutions e.g. IMF, World Bank Dominant Stakeholder. Dangerous Stakeholder: Governments in developing countries, social organizations, NGOs, media. Demanding Stakeholder: people Definitive Stakeholder: Main Shareholders Dormant Stakeholder: Shareholders (Minority interest) Depending Stakeholder Legitimacy Urgency MTN Power Discretionary Stakeholder: other Inter-national Institutions such as IMF, World Bank Dominant Stakeholder: Government in developing countries Dormant Stakeholder: Shareholders (Minority interest) Demanding Stakeholder: Social organizations, NGOs, media. Dangerous Stakeholder Definitive Stakeholder: Main Shareholders Depending Stakeholder Legitimacy Urgency . The main similarities: Main Shareholders (Definitive Stakeholders with fake CSR ): As they supply the organization with the funds needed to build up capital, thus they have the right to vote, control and change the corporate structure if required, Mantyssari (2005), and that would have a substantial influence in mapping the companys business activities and other activities related to CSR. The following example shows how Nestles first priority is its shareholders and how Nestle manipulates the CSR approach. This happened when it announced the intention to transform Nestle into the worlds leading wellness organization to promote healthy eating by people through providing functional food instead of its ordinary range, spending SFr 2 billion on research and development in 2008. However, many experts point out that there is no substantial evidence that eating functional food makes people healthier. Lausanne and Vevey (The Economist, 2009. p39-95) indicate also to the reasons behind that by showing that in America the growth of functional foods between 2002-2007 was 15.8% a year while ordinary foods was only 2.9% suggesting profit was the main driver nothing else. The same is applicable in MTN regarding definitive shareholders, especially when looking closely at their annual report (2008 p172), showing the percentage of share capital, equal to 25%, was owned only by 8 shareholders, so this group of 8 has the majority portion of power to direct the company activities in the way they prefer, which is making profits. Minority interest Shareholders (Dormant Stakeholders with no effects on CSR): they do not have the enough power to steer the company in the responsible direction nether on its policy IMF, World Bank, WTO (Discretionary Stakeholders with a neutral position regarding CSR): through their regulation and requirements and conditionality they open new routes for investing. However, that does not oblige the MNCs to invest nor to participate in social responsibility initiatives. The main differences: Host governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show too much interest in CSR for Nestle, while they are Dominant and show interest in CSR for MTN) Jones (2005, p:9) pointed out that host governments use a lot of subsidies to attract foreign organizations, such as low custom tariffs or free capital movement in order to overcome difficulties (poverty, diseases, deathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Applying this to the selected companies: Nestle: this type of stakeholder should be allocated under Dangerous for many reasons. Nestle lacks experience in dealing with developing governments policies. Another reason is that kleptocratic government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize. For example: the BBC announced in December 2002 that Nestle was trying to persuade the Ethiopian government to pay USD 6 million instead of 1.5 million as compensation for nationalizing one of its subsidiaries in Ethiopia. This example shows how the Ethiopian government took possession of Nestlà ©s subsidiary without any previous notice or consultation. MTN: originally from SA, and all of its investments are located in Africa and the ME (developing countries). It has a great deal of experience with such governments so do not need to put it under Dangerous stakeholders unlike Nestle. But even though MTN has put governments under the Dominant category MTN has to comply with the King codes in South Africa  [5]  which include very strict rules regarding CSR initiatives in order be listed in JSE securities exchange and to be accepted by the government and society. (Institute of Directors in South Africa, 2009) Social organizations, NGOs, Media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR for Nestle, while Demanding and in favour of CSR for MTN: Nestle: Because of the nature of the business of Nestle (covering world-wide and working in the field of nutrition), it may be found that a lot of social organizations along with the media always attack it aggressively, especially if they discover the unethical approach of its social responsibility, pushing it to make more and more effort in the field of CSR. For example: the General Synod of the Church of England called for a ban on Nestle and asked Church commissioners to disinvest their GBP 1.1 million in it. Moreover in 1974 the British charity War on Want released a leaflet The Baby Killer criticising Nestle for the bad effects of its marketing strategies in Africa. (Kotler et al. 2009) MTN: However, there are many examples showing MTN has a good reputation among those organizations who praise its efforts to serve the people and bring prosperity to society. For example, South Africa media (South Africa info, 2008) praised MTN when it declared its intention, along with other operators, to establish a fibre network across the Sub Saharan centres in an effort to meet the soaring needs of their subscribers and connect the African continent with the rest of the world. The reason for this approval is because MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recognized globally as Nestle is since it operates only in developing countries. V. Section two: This report will now answer the following question which way is the CSR changing and what are the main causes for this? In 1869 Henri Nestle said: During the first few months, the mothers milk will always be the most natural nutriment, put promoted Nestle products as a substitute. However, in 2007 Nestle stated that Nothing is a substitute for or equivalent or superior to breast milk Kotler et al. (2009). These two statements raise two questions: the first one is Did Nestle admit the guiltiness about its previous promotion?; secondly, If yes, then who was behind it? Actually to answer these questions, we have to consider that through Nestle growth, a lot of pressure and outside forces have pushed the company to change its attitude towards satisfying its stakeholders and make responsible efforts rather than only profit. Blowfield and Murray (2008, p:41-66) claim that the relationship between business and society changed through three eras: the industrial revolution, the mid-twentieth-century welfare state and globalization. Furthermore, through these eras there was a shift in corporate social responsibility, from a theoretical concerned with normative behaviour of the organization, to CSR as management practice, especially in the 1970s. Ackerman and Bauers (1976 cited in Blowfield et al, 2008) argue also that what a company can do to respond to social expectation rather than theoretical ideas of what it should do is what matters. This is reflected in public confidence over the years (see Appendix 1) which suggests public confidence began to incre ase in the late 1970s with a slight decrease in 1991. (Source: Frederick 2006) In relation to the two companies in this study, it may be that Nestle actually took into consideration social responsibility after the harsh boycott in the 1970s when it learnt a lot from that lesson and started to increase its commitment to society and allocated social organizations and media as dangerous stakeholders. MTN is a relatively new company established only in the 1990s, which could be viewed as the globalization era so has a high standard of CSR knowledge (King I, II, III code). Thus, it could be concluded that there was an increase in CSR initiatives owing to greater awareness among stakeholders, especially over the last three decades, and that increase was related directly to globalization and its characteristics such as free trade, rises in FDI in developing countries, soaring demands of the media and the NGOs. VI. Section Three: This section will be divided into three parts: Analysis of the different stakeholders perspective approaches, Depending on the outcome of the first part, the report will use Ponte et al typology to allocate the approach of both companies. A further analysis of these approaches will be conducted using two contrasting viewpoints. Many authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways. Some classify them according to the local economic situation such as Cannon (1994) by giving five types of societies which need different reactions from the business to help the economy out of the crisis: the high-stress environment (suffering from long time economic downturn), structurally disadvantaged areas (business in remote areas), the crisis zone, the transitional zone (change of the importance of industry in same area), and the powerhouse industry that used to drive the main local growth and now facing high competition from others. Other authors such as Hamann et al (2005) explore the stakeholders perspective in a developing countrys context when they pointed out some realities to be considered in achieving a successful CSR in South Africa: first, a long history of poverty and inequality: second, the need for effective CSR to destroy the bad image of exploitation and racism created by companies over a long period in those countries; third, the suppression of black economic empowerment which mostly comes from corruption: fourth, the need to enhance social aspects such as human rights and democracy. Others classify the social and environmental issues depending on the regions, showing the different CSR requirements among countries and they emphasise that each region needs its own CSR initiatives. For example, the USA needs to address renewed calls for nuclear power and to deal with air pollution, while some African countries need more concentration in improving the infrastructure and solving the conflicts between tribes and governments (PWC, 2006; Ethical Corporation, 2006 cited in Blowfield Murray,2008) (see appendix 2 for more details). Using the above mentioned methods, now Ponte et al typology can be used to allocate initiative approaches used by Nestle and MTN: Company Engaged CSR activities the factory and farmer scheme in China which has direct impact on company operations since it eliminates the suppliers and at the same time gives the farmers technical support. (Nestle China, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives: Nestle Nigeria along with the Red Cross started an initiative, an educational programme in 2003 to increase the awareness of HIV among people in Nigeria (Nestle Nigeria, 2009) Distant CSR activities the factory and farmer example in China, because the farmers are not one of Nestlà ©s workforces they are a separate entity and might be paid low prices for their milk supply. (Nestle China, 2009) Proximate CSR activities: Nestle creates job opportunities. It has now more than 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries. (Nestle, 2009) Engaged and Proximate: the EcoShape bottle produced by Nestle North America in 2007. This example could be regarded as an engaged activity since it reduces the bad effects on the environment (will reduce the CO2 emission by 356,000 tons within three years) and at the same time it is proximate because it is closely related to the company operations (since it impacts on the environment in the same location as its operations). (Nestle America, 2009) -Engaged CSR activities: the Environmental Management System is one of MTNs policies to reduce the production waste by recycling and encouraging the employees to act socially responsible. (MTN Environmental Policy, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives: Arts and Aids awareness educational program for communities, conducted by the MTN foundation and regarded as a totally disengaged scheme carried out by MTN. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Distant CSR activities: No distant CSR initiatives found. -Proximate CSR activities: the Arts and Aids awareness educational program could be regarded as a proximate CSR scheme since MTN originally operated in Africa and the Middle East. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Engaged and Proximate: the 21 days of Yello care started in 2007. This scheme of 21 days gives the opportunity for MTNs employees to directly engage with the CSR initiatives programme with a prize as a reward at the end of this scheme for the best team. One team was rewarded for building a small pedestrian bridge. (MTN Yello, 2009) Now, the report will analyse the Ponte et al typology mentioned above showing two contrasting viewpoints: In favour of CSR: Good for business when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant): Porter and Kramer (2006, p:83) indicate that working in a healthy society will keep the company healthy (health care for the workforce) and also supply it with a competitive advantage (efficient use of resources: water, land) and all of these will be achieved by Integrating Business and Society through CSR activities. Other authors praise the role of CSR in marketing and this could be applied in bringing a bright image to the company and to some extent increase its sales Hardeep and Sharma (2006). For example, Ogrizek (2002) said: There are clear and concrete market-driven benefits and competitive advantages for companies, which integrate their business policies with CSR. In respect of the two companies in question there are a lot of initiative approaches for both companies from their websites which all could be regarded as marketing tools and green sheen attempts (the new brand of Nestle: Nescafe Green blend). Good for society when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant): advocators of this model argue that governments in the developing countries on their own cannot meet the increasing demands of the society and development requirements and this is actually what Samuel et al (2009.p394) found when they conducted research in Nigeria showing how CSR initiatives being carried out by 22 organizations complement government efforts to build up a stable economy. Furthermore, this perspective is also supported by the neo-liberalism theory in which many authors stress that only business and free markets can sustain the individual rights, society and the environment (Burchell, 1996, Barry et al 1996, Peter and Olssen 2002 cited in Zajda, 2009 p:15). No one could deny that Nestle creates job opportunities for 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries and also that MTN donated about 1.5 Rand million to buy clothes with the help of the Red Cross in South Africa in response to attacks by f oreign nationals in 2008 (MTN SA foundation, 2009). At the economy level, The Economist (1999) emphasized the contribution of MTN as a mobile company in bringing the poor and isolated into the global economy. Opposed to CSR: Bad for business when (Disengaged): advocators for this approach are usually those who argue in favour of shareholder interests and indicate that the main objective of any company is only to maximize the shareholders value and minimize any kind of expense. That becomes very clear when Lawrence (1999) describes how the company should create a value management system in five steps in order to achieve the shareholder value, neglecting any component related to non-profit activities because it just an expense. Also, as mentioned earlier in this report, Mantyssari (2005) describes the shareholders as the heart of the business who supply it with the funds needed for the daily operations, so managers have to keep them satisfied by a high level of yield. Furthermore, some say that CSR is not only waste of money but also it distracts the managers from focusing on their real duties since effective CSR, which is not only a charity cheque, needs special talent and efforts, and that is also emphasized by Porter and Kramer (2006, p:91) when they argue that organizational adjustment that matches good CSR initiatives is what matters more than kind intentions. Useless for society and development (Criticizing all Ponte et al approaches): many protestors criticise the effects caused by MNCs activities all over the world since their negative effects outweigh their CSR initiatives. They think whatever the companies do for the societies is only a green sheen. For instance, Nestle is proud of itself, saying it always provides work opportunities for people, indicated that 97% of their workforces are distributed all over the world The Economist (1997.p153). However, for Corpwatch (2005) the truth is it exploits the workers in an awful manner and Corpwatch complained that 286,000 children work as slaves in the Ivory Coasts cocoa farms (90 hours a week with very low wages) and point out that Nestle is the third largest importer of cocoa from the Ivory Coast. Also it could be argued from bad for business angle as there is general agreement that if CSR is not focused and organized it will often come to nothing or may sometimes have harmful results. VII. Conclusion: From this report, a lot of findings can be drawn by analysing the corporate social responsibility approaches for Nestle and MTN. This report started by showing the importance of the different types of stakeholders that try to steer the companys activities in the way they desire, whether in a business or CSR approach. Using the Stakeholders Saliency Model these stakeholders have been allocated and two major differences were found. The first one is, Governments in developing countries where Nestle operate should be put under Dangerous stakeholder since they lack experience in dealing with such governments and the high-income corporation could also be seen an enticing opportunity to be seized. However, MTN (a low-income company) is the opposite case since it originated in such an environment. The other main difference between them is the danger of social organizations for Nestle such as NGOs and the media since it works globally and works in the field of nutrition, hiring people from po or countries, so may be targeted by such institutions. In contrast, MTN does not have a direct impact on peoples lives and is not recognized globally like Nestle since it operates only in developing countries. The report then analysed and evaluated the CSR approaches for both companies using Ponte et al typology to allocate them in four dimensions, engaged/disengaged, distant/proximate. It was found Nestle and MTN use all of them except for MTN which did not use distant CSR initiatives. The report attempted to answer the question which stakeholders were satisfied and which were not, no matter what type of approach was adopted, by contrasting two points of view (with and against CSR) and arguing them in four different aspects. Through the analysis of the aspect Useless for society, it was found some organizations and institutions are still not satisfied by the CSR initiatives and need deeper indicators, going beyond the basics and taking into account the real influences on the surroundings. Regarding the future of CSR, some authors such as Murray and Blowfield (2008, p:365-369) emphasised that the context analysis such as the mega trends (climate change, demographic change, poverty) will be no less important than simply examining the CSR approaches taken by the company.