Brief History Of Databases :: essays research papers

Brief History Of DatabasesIn the 1960s, the use of main frame computers became widespread in manycompanies. To access immense amounts of stored study, these companiesstarted to use computer programs like COBOL and FORTRAN. Data accessibility anddata sharing soon became an important feature because of the large amount ofinformation recquired by diverse departments within certain companies. Withthis system, each application owns its own data wedges. The problems thusassociated with this type of file processing was uncontrolled redundancy,inconsistent data, inflexibility, poor enforcement of standards, and low coder maintenance.In 1964, MIS ( solicitude Information Systems) was introduced. Thiswould prove to be very influential towards future designs of computer systemsand the methods they will use in manipulating data.In 1966, Philip Kotler had the first description of how managers could emolument from the powerful capabilities of the electronic computer as amanagement tool.In 196 9, Berson developed a marketing information system for marketingresearch. In 1970, the capital of Alabama urban model was developed stressing thequantitative aspect of management by highlighting a data bank, a model bank, anda measurement statistics bank. whole of these factors will be influential onfuture models of storing data in a pool. According to Martine, in 1981, adatabase is a shared collection of interrelate data designed to meet the needsof multiple types of end users. The data is stored in one location so that theyare independent of the programs that use them, retentiveness in mind data integritywith respect to the approaches to adding new data, modifying data, andretrieving existing data. A database is shared and perceived differently bymultiple users. This leads to the arrival of Database Management Systems.These systems first appeared around the 1970=s as solutions to problemsassociated with mainframe computers. Originally, pre-database programs accessedtheir own da ta files. Consequently, similar data had to be stored in otherareas where that certain piece of information was relevant. Simple things likeaddresses were stored in customer information files, accounts receivable records,and so on. This created redundancy and inefficiency. Updating files, likestoring files, was also a problem. When a customer=s address changed, all thefields where that customer=s address was stored had to be changed. If a fieldhappened to be missed, then an inconsistency was created. When requests todevelop new ways to manipulate and summarize data arose, it only added to theproblem of having files attached to specific applications. New system designhad to be done, including new programs and new data file storage methods. Theclose connection between data files and programs sent the costs for storage and